Traditional Biological Chain Theory Is Worth Discussing (2)
3. Trial Amendment
Refer to the article “Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Microorganisms”. If its theoretical discussion and the equation “a + b = c” could be tenable, it would be inevitable to cause the above contradictions in the traditional biological chain exposed and produce the following amendments.
If the decomposers in the Fig. 1 were changed into “soil” and “atmosphere” and then set in the equation “a + b = c” (expressed with —M→ going to decompose and synthesize) at every level of the substance transfer, this changed figure would become a biological chain with both content and form. Thus it would no longer be worried with all the above contradictions and initiate an essential change. Combining the discussion that microorganisms play a medium role at all levels of the transfer in the substance cycle in the ecosystem, both of the soil in the natural ecosystem and the chyme in the digestive tract in the animal body belong to the site or base materials for the microorganisms to decompose and synthesize. Their differences are merely in the site size, in the microorganism genus survival of the fittest, in the microorganisms density and in the efficiency to decompose and synthesize the organic substances, but their meanings are same. In the small world in the animal body, the chyme in the digestive tract is the same to the microorganisms as the soil for the plants to utilize in the natural world (in fact, such a soil in vivo is more important than the one in the natural world for the plants to utilize). At the same time, it also revealed a small unidirectional cycle (the chyme could be transformed into the animal body, but the animal body could not be transformed into its own chyme) in the animal body, which derived from the plants under the large background in the natural substance cycle. Subsequently, on the basis of these one by one small cycles, they are connected in series by a food chain and constitute another greater unidirectional cycle (as the food chain after getting rid of the “decomposers” from Fig. 1). The surplus plants, herbivores and carnivores in the series connection and the various animals at the top of the food chains, all of their destination is the soil and atmosphere, and finally they are connected in parallel to the large cycle in the nature (see Fig. 2).
(Available at http://www.bbfactor.com/group.php?keyno=22 )
Note: In the Fig. 1, the arrows indicate the eating and eaten relationship, but the amended arrows in the Fig. 2 indicate the meaning of decomposing and synthesizing in the eating and eaten processes.
4.Biological chain and substance transformation
The substance transformation in the Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 can be respectively shown by the following simple graphic methods (M = microorganisms). Thus we can see in a more intuitive way the asymmetry of substance transformation and the absence of the microorganisms in half of links in the traditional biological train, as well as the obvious incompatible contradiction between the traditional biological chain theory and the substance transformation law. These contradictions have been solved one by one in the trial amendment of Fig. 2.
Fig. 1-1, The substance transformation shown in the Fig. 1:
M M M
Inorganic matter— plants— animals— animals— plants— inorganic matter
M M M
Fig. 2-1, The substance transformation shown in the Fig. 2:
M M M M M
Inorganic matter —plants— animals— animals— plants— inorganic matter
M M M M M
We can see from the Fig. 2-1, there is the participation of microorganisms in the substance transformation at all levels reflected in the amended biological chain (red – green – red). But the substance transformation reflected in the Fig. 1 resulted the serious asymmetries due to the absence of microorganisms in some links, and made the substance cycle obstructed.
There are two modes that the microorganisms are involved in the substance transformation in vivo, that are the direct participation inside the large intestine and the indirect participation above the large intestine. The indirect participation is their main mode, which belongs to a particular way, that is the enzymes secreted by the microorganisms in vivo and in food are absorbed into body in the intestinal tract, and then distributed to various digestive sites to break down organic substances. Because the animal life is based on plants, the indirect participation is the main mode that the microorganisms participate in the substance transformation in vivo and the energy stored in plants must be transferred by organic substances, some organic substances may be derectly absorbed by the animal body when they are broken down into small molecules and they are impossible to or need not be broken down into the inorganic (This is different from the plants).
With the aid of the above two simple graphics, we can see more clearly that, in the three main species of living things (plants, animals and microorganisms) in the biosphere, the relations between microorganisms and animals as well as plants are not at all simple eating and eaten, and the microorganisms are also definitely indispensable, but they play a medium role and belong to a key element at all levels of substance transformation.
5.Conclusions
The amended biological chain has an essential difference from the traditional one. It might get rid of the incompatible contradictions with the substance transformation theory and the adverse effects to the relevant disciplines, cause the substance transformation at all levels to vitalize endlessly and cycle constantly under the drive of microorganisms along its own path.
References:
1,Food chains, Wikipedia Web Site (05 November 2008), available athttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain.
2,Biological chain—Food chain, Tne Web Site of Popular Science Panorama of China (27 May 2002), available athttp://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/earth/environment/biochain/200205270144.html.
3, food webs, The Web Site of Montana State University, U.S. (2005), available at http://weedeco.msu.montana.edu/class/LRES443/Lectures/Lecture20/FoodWeb.JPG.
4, Catabolism, Metabolism, Wikipedia Web Site (16 November 2008), available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism#Catabolism.
5, Jan Baptist van Helmont, Wikipedia Web Site (21 October 2008), available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmont.
6, (China) Duan Xiu-Bin, Preliminary Analysis of Biological Enzymes Originating from Micro-organisms, Unpublished.
First draft: Aug. 17, 2007. Revised for many times.
About the Author
1972.12—1992.12. Served in the army. During this period, I learnt English and mainly busy at the research of applied maths.
1992.11—2005.7. Tranfered to civilian work, and mainly occupied in import and export of foods. During this period, I ever had many other jobs.
2005.8, I was retired on account of unemployment.
2006.3—now. On the support of friends abroad, I established BB Factor Corperation (specializing in import and export trade), because my friends abroad were willing to trade with me. In fact, I am interested not in the trade, but in my started study of biological theory.
In my life, I often suffered from a twist of fate, rather the opponents always meet. For example, I eagered to go to university when I was young, but met with the “Great Cultural Revolution”; I prefer liberal arts, but mainly busy at the research of applied maths and biology; Influenced by traditional culture, I disdain merchants intent on nothing but profit, but I became a professional merchant after my transfer.
James Burke : Connections, Episode 7, “The Long Chain”, 1 of 5 (CC)
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